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In additive manufacturing, choice of process parameters for a given material and geometry can result in porosities in the build volume, which can result in scrap.

We have been working to adapt background oriented schlieren (BOS) imaging to directly visualize building leakage, which is fast and easy.

Distortion generated during additive manufacturing of metallic components affect the build as well as the baseplate geometries. These distortions are significant enough to disqualify components for functional purposes.

For additive manufacturing of large-scale parts, significant distortion can result from residual stresses during deposition and cooling. This can result in part scraps if the final part geometry is not contained in the additively manufactured preform.

The use of biomass fiber reinforcement for polymer composite applications, like those in buildings or automotive, has expanded rapidly due to the low cost, high stiffness, and inherent renewability of these materials. Biomass are commonly disposed of as waste.

In additive manufacturing large stresses are induced in the build plate and part interface. A result of these stresses are deformations in the build plate and final component.

The incorporation of low embodied carbon building materials in the enclosure is increasing the fuel load for fire, increasing the demand for fire/flame retardants.

Materials produced via additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, can experience significant residual stress, distortion and cracking, negatively impacting the manufacturing process.